1. Garasic, Mirko D., and Andrea Lavazza. “Performance Enhancement in the Workplace: Why and When Healthy Individuals Should Disclose Their Reliance on Pharmaceutical Cognitive Enhancers.” Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 9 (2015): 13. PMC. Web. 27 Feb. 2016.
Garasic analyzes why pharmaceuticals cognitive enhancers (PCE) could be unfair. He debates the ethics of using the drug and whether or not you have the duty to disclose that you have received a cognitive boost. He argues that we may need to give up privacy to achieve fairness.
​
2. Lacasse, Jeffrey R., and Jonathan Leo. "New York Times and the ADHD Epidemic." Society 52.1 (2016).
This article delves into the way ADHD and aderrall were first presented by the New York Times. It correlates directed-to-consumer advertising with the large amounts of diagnosis initially given. Lacasse argues we need to be more cautious of using antipsychotic drugs and that the media has done more to promote Adderall than actual research.
​
3. Lawson, Jacqueline, et al. "Addicted to Adderall." Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal 9.2015 (2015).
Lawson discusses the popularity and adverse effects of Adderall. She sets aside the ethical issue and argues the side effects alone should prevent you from taking the drug.
​
4. Reisinger, Kelsy B., Patricia C. Rutledge, and Sarah M. Conklin. "Study Drugs and Academic Integrity: The Role of Beliefs About an Academic Honor Code in the Prediction of Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use for Academic Enhancement." Journal of College Student Development 57.1 (2016): 65-78.
It is argued that academic honor code could be strengthened if action were taken to implement rules about using non-prescribed drugs. A study shows how public perception affects use and ideas for changing the public perception are suggested. She cites her own study on what factors make people more prone to use NMPD.
​
5. Hanson, Carl L., et al. "Tweaking and tweeting: exploring Twitter for nonmedical use of a psychostimulant drug (Adderall) among college students." Journal of medical Internet research 15.4 (2013): e62.
Hanson explores twitter conversations to understand the reality of the amount of students using aderrall nonmedically. He analyzes how these conversations lead to the normalcy of the drug.
​
6. Berman, Steven M., et al. "Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review." Molecular psychiatry 14.2 (2009): 123-142.
Berman discusses the medical concerns of stimulants. He discusses the potential for neurotoxicity, psychosis and highlights the risk of slowed growth in young patients and the risk for substance abuse in older patients.
​
7. Polanczyk, Guilherme, et al. "The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis." American journal of psychiatry (2007).
Polanczyk analyzes the prevalence of ADHD worldwide in order to determine whether geographical location had an effect on prevalence. He found that it didn’t and that ADHD probably isn’t just a product of western culture.
​
8. Schwarz, Alan. "Attention disorder or not, pills to help in school." New York Times 9 (2012).
Shwarz discusses prescribing stimulants to children who don’t have ADHD but are struggling in school. He highlights society’s failure to allow children to focus normally which results in a medical straitjacket.
​
9. Chau, Vivian. "Popping pills to study: Neuroethics in education." Stanford Journal of Neuroscience 1.1 (2007): 18-20.
Chau explains that it is not necessary to illegally take drugs to study. He explains how we need neuroethics and that it is not fair for a person who chooses not to take these drugs to be at a cognitive disadvantage.
​
10. Cohen, Roger. "The competition drug." The New York Times (2013).
This article provides specific examples of the perception of different college students who have used the drug. It also touches on how easy the drug is to obtain.
​
11. Berkowitz, Alan D. "Applications of social norms theory to other health and social justice issues." The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counselors, and clinicians (2003): 259-279.
This article defines the social norms theory and explains how it has been applied before. It is explained in context of college drinking, which could be similar to the Adderall situation.
​
12. Garnier-Dykstra, Laura M. et al. “Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants during College: Four-Year Trends in Exposure Opportunity, Use, Motives, and Sources.” Journal of American College Health : J of ACH 60.3 (2012): 226–234.PMC. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.
This is research on 1253 students from a large mid-atlantic college aiming to determine the prevalence of NPC use as well as risk factors. They found that by their senior year, about two thirds had been offered and 1/3 had used.
​
13. Vrecko, Scott. "Everyday drug diversions: A qualitative study of the illicit exchange and non-medical use of prescription stimulants on a university campus." Social Science & Medicine 131 (2015): 297-304.
38 NPC users were interviewed and asked to explain how they obtained the drug. Most were found to have obtained from friends/family, the black market, or faking an illness for a prescription.
​
14. Adderall oral : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD. (n.d.). Retrieved March 09, 2016, from http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-63163/adderall-oral/details
Defines and summarizes the uses for and side effects of Adderall when taken as prescribed.
​
15. Franke, Andreas, et al. "Substances Used And Prevalence Rates Of Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement Among Healthy Subjects." European Archives Of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 264.(2014): 83-90. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.
Explores Adderall uses and effectiveness as well as the prevalence rates. Prevalence rates were found to vary from survey to survey based on differences such as anonymity, types of subjects, and definitions of cognitive enhancement
​
16. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. (n.d.). Retrieved March 09, 2016, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20023647
Defines the symptoms of ADHD and covers how ADHD is diagnosed.
​
17. Vrecko S. Just How Cognitive Is “Cognitive Enhancement”? On the Significance of Emotions in University Students’ Experiences with Study Drugs.Ajob Neuroscience. 2013
Provides results from research of interviews of college students who use NPCs which suggests that the effect Adderall has on emotions makes it easier to study. This is contrary to the belief that it actually gives you brain power.
​
18. Desantis, Alan D., and Audrey Curtis Hane. "''Adderall Is Definitely Not A Drug'': Justifications For The Illegal Use Of ADHD Stimulants." Substance Use & Misuse 45.1/2 (2010): 31-46. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.
Explores and analyzes interviews for main arguments that NPC users justify their behavior with. Four main arguments identified: comparison-and-contrast, all-things-in-moderation, self-medicating, and minimization arguments.
​
19. Dubljević, Veljko. "Prohibition Or Coffee Shops: Regulation Of Amphetamine And Methylphenidate For Enhancement Use By Healthy Adults." American Journal Of Bioethics 13.7 (2013): 23-33. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.
Explores possible regulation of NPCs for the public. Author argues that extended release pills could be acceptable for healthy adults, but that the instant-release needs to be strongly regulated.
​
20, DeSantis, Alan D, Kathryn E. Anthony, and Elisia L. Cohen. "Illegal College ADHD Stimulant Distributors: Characteristics And Potential Areas Of Intervention." Substance Use & Misuse 48.6 (2013): 446-456. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.
Identifies what type of college students are more prone to selling Adderall illegally. Studies found these students use their medication less frequently and for non-prescribed purposes.
​
21. Sylvester, Angela, and Brojendra Agarwala. "Acute Myocardial Infarction In A Teenager Due To Adderall XR." Pediatric Cardiology 33.1 (2012): 155-157. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.
Provides a case study where a 15 year old male who was prescribed Adderall experienced a heart attack due to the drug.
​
22. Dang, Junhua, et al. "Individual Differences In Dopamine Level Modulate The Ego Depletion Effect." International Journal Of Psychophysiology 99.(2016): 121-124. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.
Analyzes the effects of different dopamine levels in 84 college-aged Chinese people. Medium dopamine levels are ideal for good memory and cognitive functioning.
​
23. Ilieva, Irena, Joseph Boland, and Martha J. Farah. "Objective And Subjective Cognitive Enhancing Effects Of Mixed Amphetamine Salts In Healthy People." Neuropharmacology 64.(2013): 496-505. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.
Study on the cognitive enhancing effects of Adderall on 46 people. Tested both with the drug and with placebo. Results show Adderall has limited enhancing effects but creates perception of them.
​
24. Peterkin, Alexander L., et al. "Cognitive performance enhancement: misuse or self-treatment?." Journal of attention disorders (2010).
Students are surveyed as to why they use Adderall. Results show that most use it in order to improve their grades
​
25. Patrick, Kennerly S., and John S. Markowitz. "Pharmacology Of Methylphenidate, Amphetamine Enantiomers And Pemoline In Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental 12.6 (1997): 527-546. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Apr. 2016.
Describes how Adderall works in the brain to serve the functions it does. Also mentions side-effects.
​
26. Arria, Amelia M. et al. “Drug Exposure Opportunities and Use Patterns among College Students: Results of a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study.” Substance abuse : official publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse 29.4 (2008): 19–38. Print.
Associates use of NPCs with other drugs and also looks into factors as to why people abuse any drug.
​
27. Carey, Benedict. "Heart Risks With Stimulant Use? Maybe. Worry? For Some." New York Times 21 Feb. 2006: F1+. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Apr. 2016.
Discusses the heart risks associated with stimulant use such as high blood pressure and heart rate.
​
28. Kollins, Scott H. "Abuse Liability Of Medications Used To Treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." American Journal On Addictions 16.(2007): 35-44. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 May 2016.
Discusses the make-up of NPCs that makes them liable to being addictive as well as discusses studies that show they are addictive
​